1、The long term use of farmyard manure and compost: Effects on P availability, orthophosphate sorption strength and P leaching
This study was set up to identify the role of dairy farmyard manure and green waste or farm compost used as a source of stable organic matter on soil P availability and P leaching.
2、Effects of traditional and biodynamic farmyard manure amendment on yields, soil chemical, biochemical and biological properties in a long
We studied the effects of applications of traditionally composted farmyard manure (FYM) and two types of biodynamically composted FYM over 9 years on soil
3、Impacts of manure application on soil environment, rainfall use efficiency and crop biomass under dryland farming
We studied the effects of manure application at low (LM 7.5 t ha–1), medium (MM 15 t ha–1), and high (HM 22.5 t ha–1) rates combined with fixed levels of chemical fertilizers on maize growth ...
Contrasting Effects of Farmyard Manure (FYM) and Compost for Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil: International Journal of Phytoremediation: Vol 17 , No
We investigated effect of farm yard manure (FYM) and compost applied to metal contaminated soil at rate of 1% (FYM-1, compost-1), 2% (FYM-2, compost-2), and 3% (FYM-3, compost-3).
Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review
Composting is increasingly considered a good way for recycling the surplus of manure as a stabilised and sanitised end-product for agriculture, and much research work has been carried out in the last decade. However, high quality compost should be produced to overcome the cost of composting.
Environmental Impacts of Cattle Manure Composting
Cattle manure was aerobically composted under ambient conditions to evaluate composting as a method of manure handling. Composting was conducted using 3–4-tonne heaps of fresh cattle manure in 5 × 5-m concrete bunkers.
Composting technology in waste stabilization: On the methods, challenges and future prospects
Composting technology has become invaluable in stabilization of municipal waste due to its environmental compatibility. In this review, different types of composting methods reportedly applied in waste management were explored.
Application rate and composting method affect the immediate and residual manure fertilizer value in a maize–rice–rice–maize cropping sequence on a degraded
Fresh manure is more effective than composted manure in promoting crop yield at first application, but composted manure is more sanitary to apply than fresh manure and its residual effects can be higher than those of fresh manure.
Effects of municipal solid waste compost, farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers on wheat growth, soil composition and soil bacterial
We assessed the impact of five years’ applications of different organic and mineral fertilizers on wheat grain yields and soil chemical and microbial characteristics. Soils were treated with MSWC...
Utilisation of manure composts by high
Composting is a stabilisation method currently used for manure waste management.
The composting of farmyard manure is a process involving microbial activity, decomposition of organic matter, and chemical transformations. It plays a critical role in soil quality and crop growth. Below is a detailed explanation of the composting process:
Composition of Farmyard Manure
Farmyard manure typically consists of organic materials such as animal and plant residues, kitchen waste, and crop straw. These substances are decomposed through composting under the action of microorganisms, gradually breaking down into simpler forms that are easier for plants to absorb.
Role of Microorganisms
Bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes are the primary microorganisms driving the composting process. They secrete enzymes to break down complex organic compounds, including recalcitrant materials like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Additionally, some microorganisms produce vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients essential for plant growth.
Decomposition of Organic Matter
Organic matter in farmyard manure undergoes biochemical processes such as hydrolysis and fermentation. These reactions convert complex, hard-to-decompose substances into simple, absorbable molecules. For example:
- Proteins → amino acids
- Carbohydrates → sugars
- Fats → fatty acids
Gas Production
Microbial activity generates gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia. These gases improve soil aeration and may influence the crop growth environment.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity
Composting is influenced by temperature and humidity. Optimal conditions accelerate microbial activity, while extreme temperatures (too high or low) inhibit it, slowing the composting process.
Changes in Soil pH
As organic matter decomposes, soil pH fluctuates. Acidic substances may convert to alkaline ones, and vice versa, helping maintain soil pH balance and promote nutrient availability.
Nutrient Cycling
During composting, microorganisms absorb and transform nutrients, which are then released for direct absorption by crops or recycled into the soil’s nutrient cycle.
Soil Structure Improvement
Composting enhances soil structure by increasing looseness and porosity. This improves water- and fertilizer-retaining capacity, reduces soil erosion, and boosts air and water permeability.
Precautions
- Avoid Overstacking: Excessive piling may cause high temperatures and humidity, hindering microbial activity and potentially spreading diseases.
- Proper Turning: Regular turning ensures even microbial distribution and accelerates composting.
- Prevent Pollution: Keep compost away from water sources and residential areas to avoid pathogen spread and environmental contamination.
- Rational Use: Apply farmyard manure as organic fertilizer, not as a direct chemical substitute, to maximize its benefits while minimizing environmental risks.
the composting of farmyard manure is a complex biochemical process relying on microbial diversity and energy flow. With proper management, it becomes an indispensable organic resource for agricultural production.
